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Ansah, R H and Sorooshian, S (2018) 4P delays in project management. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 25(01), 62-76.

Babatunde, S O, Perera, S, Ekundayo, D and Adeleye, T E (2019) An investigation into BIM-based detailed cost estimating and drivers to the adoption of BIM in quantity surveying practices. Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction , 25(01), 61–81.

Carreira, P, Castelo, T, Gomes, C C, Ferreira, A, Ribeiro, C and Costa, A A (2018) Virtual reality as integration environments for facilities management: Application and users' perceptions. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 25(01), 90-112.

Cheah, C Y J, Kang, J and Chew, D A S (2007) Strategic analysis of large local construction firms in China. Construction Management and Economics, 25(01), 25-38.

Chen, J J (1997) China's construction industry and foreign investment. Building Research & Information, 25(01), 5–10.

Coleman, E, Nooni, I K, Fianko, S K, Dadzie, L, Neequaye, E N, Owusu-Agyemang, J and Ansa-Asare, E O (2020) Assessing contract management as a strategic tool for achieving quality of work in Ghanaian construction industry. Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction, 25(01), 41–60.

Hatamleh, M T, Hiyassat, M, Sweis, G J and Sweis, R J (2018) Factors affecting the accuracy of cost estimate: Case of Jordan. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 25(01), 113-31.

Ikuabe, M, Oke, A E and Aigbavboa, C (2020) Impact of contractors’ opportunism on construction project transaction costs. Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction , 25(01), 125–41.

Keswani, K (1997) The contribution of building centres to low-cost housing in India. Building Research & Information, 25(01), 50–64.

Lian, J K M, Foo, Z Y and Ling, F Y Y (2018) Value of internships for professional careers in the built environment sector in Singapore. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 25(01), 77-89.

Lingard, H, Blismas, N, Harley, J, Stranieri, A, Zhang, R P and Pirzadeh, P (2018) Making the invisible visible: Stimulating work health and safety-relevant thinking through the use of infographics in construction design. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 25(01), 39-61.

Ma, L, Reed, R and Jin, X (2018) Identify the equilibrium of residential construction output: A vector error correction model approach. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 25(01), 21-38.

Mbachu, J and Nkado, R (2007) Factors constraining successful building project implementation in South Africa. Construction Management and Economics, 25(01), 39-54.

Perera, B, Samarakkody, A L and Nandasena, S R (2020) Managing financial and economic risks associated with high-rise apartment building construction in Sri Lanka. Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction , 25(01), 143–62.

Plessis, C D (2007) A strategic framework for sustainable construction in developing countries. Construction Management and Economics, 25(01), 67-76.

Rwelamila, P M D (2007) Project management competence in public sector infrastructure organisations. Construction Management and Economics, 25(01), 55-66.

Tawalare, A and Laishram, B (2019) Factors hindering effective partnering in Indian public sector construction organizations. Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction , 25(01), 83–105.

Wei, H and Xu, X (1997) Composite masonry buildings in China. Building Research & Information, 25(01), 15–7.

Wells, J (2007) Informality in the construction sector in developing countries. Construction Management and Economics, 25(01), 87-93.

Type: Journal Article
Keywords: Informal sector; regulation; construction; developing countries; Africa
ISBN/ISSN: 0144-6193
URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190600601339
Abstract:
Studies dating from the mid 1990s describe a rapid expansion of ‘informal’ construction activity in many parts of the developing world. This has been accompanied by increasing diversity in the interpretation of the concept, leading to considerable confusion. Through a wide review of the literature an attempt is made to bring some clarity to the debate. It is argued that the essence of informality is the absence of regulation. As construction activity is subject to a wide variety of regulations, different interpretations of informality in the construction industry are inevitable. Four aspects of regulation are highlighted: regulation of enterprises, of the terms and conditions of employment, of the process of construction and of the product. This suggests four areas of informality: the informal sector of enterprises, informal labour, the informal construction system and informal building/settlements. The four areas are frequently interrelated. But there are no hard and fast dividing lines between formal and informal, rather a gradation.