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Basheer, M, Elnour, Z, Siddig, K and Grethe, H (2025) Economic impacts of large dams on downstream brickmaking in developing countries. Construction Management and Economics, 43(03), 213–25.
Brager, G, Zhang, H and Arens, E (2015) Evolving opportunities for providing thermal comfort. Building Research & Information, 43(03), 274-87.
Castelblanco, G, Fenoaltea, E M, De Marco, A and Chiaia, B (2025) Influence of macroeconomic factors on construction costs: an analysis of project cases. Construction Management and Economics, 43(03), 196–212.
de Dear, R, Kim, J, Candido, C and Deuble, M (2015) Adaptive thermal comfort in Australian school classrooms. Building Research & Information, 43(03), 383-98.
Farnham, C, Emura, K and Mizuno, T (2015) Evaluation of cooling effects: outdoor water mist fan. Building Research & Information, 43(03), 334-45.
Gao, Y, Gan, Y, Chen, Y and Chen, Y (2025) Application of large language models to intelligently analyze long construction contract texts. Construction Management and Economics, 43(03), 226–42.
- Type: Journal Article
- Keywords: Construction contracts; large language models; long text analysis; content compression; intelligent question-answering;
- ISBN/ISSN: 0144-6193
- URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2024.2415676
- Abstract:
The emergence of large language models (LLMs) has provided an opportunity to assist humans in quickly reading, searching, and understanding the contents of construction contracts. However, the limited context length of LLMs restricts their ability to process lengthy contract documents, which hinders their application in the construction industry. This study proposes intelligent analysis methods for long construction contracts, which enables LLMs to handle contracts that exceed their context length through a two-stage text segmentation. We further utilized the segmented text chunks for content compression and intelligent question-answering applications. The FIDIC contract was used for testing. A condensed version of lengthy contracts summarizes the provisions in a shorter format. It maintains a high level of correctness and readability, offering practitioners additional options to read contracts of varying lengths based on their needs. The satisfaction rate of the question-answering outcomes reached 93.3%, allowing practitioners to quickly obtain specific clauses of interest and relevant contract knowledge through personalized queries. The performance of the 8K model using our methods is comparable to that of the 128K long-text models, while reducing computational power. This study expands the potential for applications of LLMs in contract management within the construction industry.
Gauthier, S and Shipworth, D (2015) Behavioural responses to cold thermal discomfort. Building Research & Information, 43(03), 355-70.
Hellwig, R T (2015) Perceived control in indoor environments: a conceptual approach. Building Research & Information, 43(03), 302-15.
Mavrogianni, A, Taylor, J, Davies, M, Thoua, C and Kolm-Murray, J (2015) Urban social housing resilience to excess summer heat. Building Research & Information, 43(03), 316-33.
Parkinson, T and de Dear, R (2015) Thermal pleasure in built environments: physiology of alliesthesia. Building Research & Information, 43(03), 288-301.
Teli, D, James, P A B and Jentsch, M F (2015) Investigating the principal adaptive comfort relationships for young children. Building Research & Information, 43(03), 371-82.
Verhaart, J, Veselý, M and Zeiler, W (2015) Personal heating: effectiveness and energy use. Building Research & Information, 43(03), 346-54.
Wang, J, Li, M, Moorhead, M and Skitmore, M (2025) Forecasting financial distress in listed Chinese construction firms: leveraging ensemble learning and non-financial variables. Construction Management and Economics, 43(03), 175–95.